SVG Tiny 1.2 – 20081222

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# 2 Concepts

## Contents

This chapter is informative.

## 2.1 Explaining the name: SVG

SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics, an XML grammar for 2D vector graphics, usable as an XML namespace.

### 2.1.1 Scalable

To be scalable means to increase or decrease uniformly. In terms of graphics, scalable means not being limited to a single, fixed, pixel size. On the Web, scalable means that a particular technology can grow to a large number of files, a large number of users, a wide variety of applications. SVG, being a graphics technology for the Web, is scalable in both senses of the word.

SVG graphics are scalable to different display resolutions, so that for example printed output uses the full resolution of the printer and can be displayed at the same size on screens of different resolutions. The same SVG graphic can be placed at different sizes on the same Web page, and re-used at different sizes on different pages. SVG graphics can be magnified to see fine detail, or to aid those with low vision.

SVG graphics are scalable because the same SVG content can be a stand-alone graphic or can be referenced or included inside other SVG graphics, thereby allowing a complex illustration to be built up in parts, perhaps by several people. The use and font capabilities promote re-use of graphical components, maximize the advantages of HTTP caching and avoid the need for a centralized registry of approved symbols.

### 2.1.2 Vector

Vector graphics contain geometric objects such as lines and curves. This gives greater flexibility compared to raster-only formats (such as PNG and JPEG) which have to store information for every pixel of the graphic. Typically, vector formats can also integrate raster images and can combine them with vector information to produce a complete illustration; SVG is no exception.

Since all modern displays are raster-oriented, the difference between raster-only and vector graphics comes down to where they are rasterized; client side in the case of vector graphics, as opposed to already rasterized on the server. SVG provides hints to control the rasterization process, for example to allow anti-aliased artwork without the ugly aliasing typical of low quality vector implementations.

### 2.1.3 Graphics

Most existing XML grammars represent either textual information, or represent raw data such as financial information. They typically provide only rudimentary graphical capabilities, often less capable than the HTML 'img' element. SVG fills a gap in the market by providing a rich, structured description of vector and mixed vector/raster graphics; it can be used stand-alone, or as an XML namespace with other grammars.

### 2.1.4 XML

XML [XML10, XML11], a W3C Recommendation for structured information exchange, has become extremely popular and is both widely and reliably implemented. By being written in XML, SVG builds on this strong foundation and gains many advantages such as a sound basis for internationalization, powerful structuring capability, an object model, and so on. By building on existing, cleanly-implemented specifications, XML-based grammars are open to implementation without a huge reverse engineering effort.

### 2.1.5 Namespace

It is certainly useful to have a stand-alone, SVG-only viewer. But SVG is also intended to be used as one component in a multi-namespace XML application. This multiplies the power of each of the namespaces used, to allow innovative new content to be created. For example, SVG graphics may be included in a document which uses any text-oriented XML namespace — including XHTML. A scientific document, for example, might also use MathML [MATHML] for mathematics in the document. The combination of SVG and SMIL leads to interesting, time based, graphically rich presentations.

SVG is a good, general-purpose component for any multi-namespace grammar that needs to use graphics.

### 2.1.6 Scriptable

The combination of scripting and the HTML DOM is often termed "Dynamic HTML" and is widely used for animation, interactivity and presentational effects. Similarly SVG allows the script-based manipulation of the document tree using a subset of the XML DOM and the SVG uDOM.

## 2.2 Important SVG concepts

### 2.2.1 Graphical objects

With any XML grammar, consideration has to be given to what exactly is being modelled. For textual formats, modelling is typically at the level of paragraphs and phrases, rather than individual nouns, adverbs, or phonemes. Similarly, SVG models graphics at the level of graphical objects rather than individual points.

SVG provides a general path element, which can be used to create a huge variety of graphical objects, and also provides common basic shapes such as rectangles and ellipses. These are convenient for hand coding and may be used in the same ways as the more general path element. SVG provides fine control over the coordinate system in which graphical objects are defined and the transformations that will be applied during rendering.

### 2.2.2 Re-use

It would have been possible to define some standard, pre-defined graphics that all SVG implementations would provide. But which ones? There would always be additional symbols for electronics, cartography, flowcharts, etc., that people would need that were not provided until the "next version". SVG allows users to create, re-use and share their own graphical assets without requiring a centralized registry. Communities of users can create and refine the graphics that they need, without having to ask a committee. Designers can be sure exactly of the graphical appearance of the graphics they use and not have to worry about unsupported graphics.

Graphics may be re-used at different sizes and orientations.

### 2.2.3 Fonts

Graphically rich material is often highly dependent on the particular font used and the exact spacing of the glyphs. In many cases, designers convert text to outlines to avoid any font substitution problems. This means that the original text is not present and thus searchability and accessibility suffer. In response to feedback from designers, SVG includes font elements so that both text and graphical appearance are preserved.

### 2.2.4 Animation

Animation can be produced via script-based manipulation of the document, but scripts are difficult to edit and interchange between authoring tools is harder. Again in response to feedback from the design community, SVG includes declarative animation elements which were designed collaboratively by the SVG and SYMM Working Groups. This allows the animated effects common in existing Web graphics to be expressed in SVG.

## 2.3 Options for using SVG in Web pages

There are a variety of ways in which SVG content can be included within a Web page. Here are some of the options:

A stand-alone SVG Web page

  In this case, an SVG document (i.e., a Web resource whose MIME type is `"image/svg+xml"`) is loaded directly into a user agent such as a Web browser. The SVG document is the Web page that is presented to the user.

Embedding by reference

  In this case, a parent Web page references a separately stored SVG document and specifies that the given SVG document should be embedded as a component of the parent Web page. For HTML or XHTML, here are three options:

  - The (X)HTML 'img' element is the most common method for using graphics in HTML pages. For faster display, the width and height of the image can be given as attributes. One attribute that is required is 'alt', used to give an alternate textual string for people browsing with images off, or who cannot see the images. The string cannot contain any markup. A 'longdesc' attribute lets you point to a longer description — often in HTML — which can have markup and richer formatting.

  - The (X)HTML 'object' element can contain other elements nested within it, unlike 'img', which is empty. This means that several different formats can be offered, using nested 'object' elements, with a final textual alternative (including markup, links, etc). The rootmost element which can be displayed will be used.

  - The (X)HTML 'applet' element which can invoke a Java applet to view SVG content within the given Web page. These applets can do many things, but a common task is to use them to display images, particularly ones in unusual formats or which need to be presented under the control of a program for some other reason.

Embedding inline

  In this case, SVG content is embedded inline directly within the parent Web page. An example is an XHTML Web page with an SVG document fragment textually included within the XHTML.

External link, using the HTML 'a' element

  This allows any stand-alone SVG viewer to be used, which can (but need not) be a different program to that used to display HTML. This option typically is used for unusual image formats.

Referenced from a CSS or XSL property

  When a user agent supports Cascading Style Sheets, Level 2 [CSS2] styled XML content, or Extensible Stylesheet Language [XSL] Formatting Objects, and the user agent is a Conforming SVG Viewer, then that user agent must support the ability to reference SVG resources wherever CSS or XSL properties allow for the referencing of raster images, including the ability to tile SVG graphics wherever necessary and the ability to composite the SVG into the background if it has transparent portions. Examples include the 'background-image' ([CSS2], section 14.2.1) and 'list-style-image' ([CSS2], section 12.6.2) properties that are included in both CSS and XSL.